KILL(1)

NAME
kill - terminate a process

SYNOPSIS

kill [-signal|-s signal|-p] [-q value] [-a] [--timeout milliseconds signal] [--] pid|pid:_pidfd_inode_|name...

kill [-signal|-s signal] pid|pid:_pidfd_inode_...

kill -l [number|0xsigmask] | -L

kill -d pid

DESCRIPTION

The command kill sends the specified signal to the specified processes or process groups.

If no signal is specified, the TERM signal is sent. The default action for this signal is to terminate the process. This signal should be used in preference to the KILL signal (number 9), since a process may install a handler for the TERM signal in order to perform clean-up steps before terminating in an orderly fashion. If a process does not terminate after a TERM signal has been sent, then the KILL signal may be used; be aware that the latter signal cannot be caught, and so does not give the target process the opportunity to perform any clean-up before terminating.

Most modern shells have a builtin kill command, with a usage rather similar to that of the command described here. The --all, --pid, and --queue options, and the possibility to specify processes by command name, are local extensions.

If signal is 0, then no actual signal is sent, but error checking is still performed.

ARGUMENTS

The list of processes to be signaled can be a mixture of names and PIDs.

pid
    Each pid can be expressed in one of the following ways:

    n
        where n is larger than 0. The process with PID n is signaled.

    0
        All processes in the current process group are signaled.

    -1
        All processes with a PID larger than 1 are signaled.

    -n
        where n is larger than 1. All processes in process group n are signaled. When an argument of the form '-n' is given, and it is meant to denote a process group, either a signal must be specified first, or the argument must be preceded by a '--' option, otherwise it will be taken as the signal to send.

pid:_pidfd_inode_
    A process can be referenced by its pid plus pidfd_inode (pid:pidfd_inode), to uniquely identify it and perform race-free signalling. This works only for the options -s, --signal and -signal. Requires kernel version 6.9 and later.

name
    All processes invoked using this name will be signaled.

OPTIONS

-s, --signal signal
    The signal to send. It may be given as a name or a number.

-l, --list [number|0xsigmask]
    Print a list of signal names, convert the given signal number to a name, or convert the given signal mask to names. The signals can be found in /usr/include/linux/signal.h.

        $ ps s $$
          UID     PID          PENDING          BLOCKED          IGNORED           CAUGHT STAT TTY        TIME COMMAND
         1000 1608069 0000000000000000 0000000000000002 0000000000384000 0000000008013003 Ss   pts/44     0:02 zsh
        $ kill -l 0x0000000000384000
        TERM
        TSTP
        TTIN
        TTOU

    If neither NUMBER nor 0xSIGMASK is given, list all signal names. In that case, print one signal per line when the output is not a terminal.

-L, --table
    Similar to -l, but it will print signal names and their corresponding numbers. Print one signal per line when the output is not a terminal.

-a, --all
    Do not restrict the command-name-to-PID conversion to processes with the same UID as the present process.

-p, --pid
    Only print the process ID (PID) of the named processes, do not send any signals.

-r, --require-handler
    Do not send the signal if it is not caught in userspace by the signalled process.

--verbose
    Print PID(s) that will be signaled with kill along with the signal.

-q, --queue value
    Send the signal using sigqueue(3) rather than kill(2). The value argument is an integer that is sent along with the signal. If the receiving process has installed a handler for this signal using the SA_SIGINFO flag to sigaction(2), then it can obtain this data via the si_sigval field of the siginfo_t structure.

--timeout milliseconds signal
    Send a signal defined in the usual way to a process, followed by an additional signal after a specified delay. The --timeout option causes kill to wait for a period defined in milliseconds before sending a follow-up signal to the process. This feature is implemented using the Linux kernel PID file descriptor feature in order to guarantee that the follow-up signal is sent to the same process or not sent if the process no longer exists.

    Note that the operating system may re-use PIDs and implementing an equivalent feature in a shell using kill and sleep would be subject to races whereby the follow-up signal might be sent to a different process that used a recycled PID.

    The --timeout option can be specified multiple times: the signals are sent sequentially with the specified timeouts. The --timeout option can be combined with the --queue option.

    As an example, the following command sends the signals QUIT, TERM and KILL in sequence and waits for 1000 milliseconds between sending the signals:

        kill --verbose --timeout 1000 TERM --timeout 1000 KILL \
                --signal QUIT 12345

-d, --show-process-state pid
    Decode signal related fields in /proc/pid/status.

        $ kill -d $$
        Blocked: INT
        Ignored: TERM TSTP TTIN TTOU
        Caught: HUP INT PIPE ALRM CHLD WINCH

-h, --help
    Display help text and exit.

-V, --version
    Display version and exit.

EXIT STATUS

kill has the following exit status values:

0
    success

1
    failure

64
    partial success (when more than one process specified)

NOTES

Although it is possible to specify the TID (thread ID, see gettid(2)) of one of the threads in a multithreaded process as the argument of kill, the signal is nevertheless directed to the process (i.e., the entire thread group). In other words, it is not possible to send a signal to an explicitly selected thread in a multithreaded process. The signal will be delivered to an arbitrarily selected thread in the target process that is not blocking the signal. For more details, see signal(7) and the description of CLONE_THREAD in clone(2).

Various shells provide a builtin kill command that is preferred in relation to the kill(1) executable described by this manual. The easiest way to ensure one is executing the command described in this page is to use the full path when calling the command, for example: /bin/kill --version

AUTHORS

The original version was taken from BSD 4.4.

SEE ALSO

bash(1), tcsh(1), sigaction(2), kill(2), sigqueue(3), signal(7) proc(5) proc_pid_status(5)

REPORTING BUGS

For bug reports, use the

AVAILABILITY

The kill command is part of the util-linux package which can be downloaded from